101 Freedman and Response Professor Ramos Blog

101 Freedman and Response Narrative Example Protect Yourself at All Times Review Articles Review Freedman â€Å"How Junk Food Can End Obesity† p. 506. Locate places where the author agrees, disagrees, or both. Summary Summarize the opening argument as Freedman frames it. Summarize the position that he sets out to refute. Pages 508 – 510. Respond to Freedman. Agree p. 60, Disagree p. 62, both p. 64 using a template. Explain your response. When responding you do not want to only agree or disagree. Add something to the conversation. How can we add something to the conversation? Personal, Example, etc. Criticism of Pollan Freedman is particularly critical of the views of Michael Pollan p. 520 – 527. What are his specific criticisms? How do you think Pollan might respond? The Fast Food Conversation Slate responded to Freedman How does the author begin his article? What position did the author take? How does he add to the conversation? Homework

Propane essays

Propane essays Propane is a colorless, gaseous alkane (A hydrocarbon containing only single carbon-carbon bonds). The chemical formula for propane is C3H8. It is readily liquefied by compression and cooling. Propane has a melting point of an unbelievable 189.9C and boils at just 42.2C. Propane occurs in nature in natural gas (in its dissolved form of course) in crude oil; its separated in large quantities from natural gas, light crude oil, and oil-refininery gases and is commercially available as liquefied propane or as a major constituent of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG). Its also looked at as a byproduct of petroleum refining. Its main purpose is as a fuel. For this purpose it is sold compressed in cylinders just like you see on tankers; oil drums. When it is carried in these various shapes of cylinders it is usually mixed with other hydrocarbons, such as butane; because of the similarity they both share to each other it has great importance as a fuel for domestic and industrial uses and for inte rnal-combustion engines. It is called the third member of the paraffin series following methane and ethane. As with ethane and other paraffin hydrocarbons, propane is an important raw material for the ethylene petrochemical industry. The decomposition of propane in hot tubes to form ethylene also yields another important product, propylene. From propylene such organic chemicals as acetone and propylene glycol are derived. The oxidation of propane to such compounds of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen as acetaldehyde is also of commercial interest. People use propane for heating and cooling homes, heating water, cooking, refrigeration, drying clothes, barbecuing, lighting, and relaxing in front of the gas fireplace. More and more homes, even those found in the affluent outskirts of metropolitan areas, are being built to use propanesupplied discreetly, almost invisibly, from the underground tanks. And where soil conditions or terrain ma...

15 topics about sociology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

15 topics about sociology - Essay Example At present, a majority of the world’s population has or is living in a city; and yet, it was only about 100 years ago when there were only about 12 cities in existence. This speaks much of the pace and speed by which urbanization has taken place in various towns and rural areas. The growth in the population in these cities has also exceeded expected numbers for regular cities. These cities are called megacities because the rate of population growth and of development has increased and risen to unprecedented levels. And â€Å"we now live in an urban world where the mega-metropolises: Tokyo-Yokohama and greater Mexico City have populations of over 20 million† (Palen, p. 2). The rapidity of change from rural to urban life is at least as important as the amount of urbanization because the success or failure of the transition from rural to urban life is very much dependent on the pace of the development and the reception of the people to the development. And the megacities now cater to more advancement in industry and technology. The pace of these advancements is fast and is manifesting on a massive scale. But a large proportion of the world’s population is still based in the rural areas and in most Western nations. And the pace of transition from rural to urban life has been a dramatic transition as most population growths have been seen in the cities. Much of the population growth and transitions from rural to urban areas have been exhibited in developing countries. And these third world nations have managed to experience an expansion of their cities because many of the citizens seek greener pastures in these cities. As a result, today, â€Å"th e number of people living in developing world cities outnumbers the entire population of the world only 100 years ago† (Palen, p. 3). These numbers indicate that the pace of transition from rural to urban life has as much impact and importance as the amount of

Cyber Security Policy Initiatives Research Paper

Cyber Security Policy Initiatives - Research Paper Example Consumers feel safe and secure when knowing that their communication channel is private and in case there is even a slight possibility of it being penetrated, how easily and quickly can it be accessed by attackers. Furthermore, they can demand to know if their identities are kept confidential in records and reports, that is to say, whether any information that could reveal who they are has been omitted. This is a logical approach by any concerned entity and should be demanded without any hesitation. Additionally, they should also be aware whether it is possible for outsiders to find messages from persons or groups by using simple internet searches. If someone finds out that their information that was supposedly given to a certain organization under the pretense of it staying confidential ends up online somewhere, that will be a big blow and can tarnish that company’s confidentiality reputation for good. All information that is given out to the trusted sources must be handled w ith extreme care and utmost alertness at all times so that no person is left unsatisfied and can feel safe giving out his/her confidential information (Powner, 2010).Integrity demands that information provided by companies should be authentic and complete. Since the general public gets involved in dealings with them, companies cannot face the impacts of scandals or shame. Once reputations are blemished in the cyber world, companies have rarely been known to completely come back from them and stand on former grounds.

Mapping and The Geometry of Form and Function of Cities Dissertation

Mapping and The Geometry of Form and Function of Cities - Dissertation Example However, these models fail to address the very issues related to urban form. The development of these contemporary models does not take into account the urban development geometry. Instead, these are developed at an aggregate level. Batty and Longley (p. 72, 1994) comment ‘The best way to begin describing fractals is by example. A coastline and a mountain are examples of natural fractals, a crumpled piece of paper an example of an artificial one. However, such irregularity which characterizes these objects is not entirely without order and this order is to be found in fractals in terms of the following three principles. First, fractals are always self-similar, at least in some general sense. On whatever scale, and within a given range you examine a fractal, it will always appear to have the same shape or same degree of irregularity. The 'whole' will always be manifest in the 'parts'; look at a piece of rock broken off a mountain and you can see the mountain in the part. Look at the twigs on the branches of a tree and you can see the whole tree in these, albeit at a much reduced scale.’ Although, it has been observed that there is an acceptable level of consistency between such models and urban form but when it comes to the geometrical considerations of urban development, these are not dependent upon the processes and mechanisms (Bertuglia et al, 1987). The urban system models which are theoretical in nature, like the urban economics models, have shown a dependency upon the urban form through a set of assumptions. However, urban form has been defined by these models in terms of treating urban space as quite simple (Thrall, 1987). Hence, building a model which links a given form to statics and dynamics is very difficult because the relevance of form is considered as given and not something that arises out of the forces in action. As a consequence of this, all the research that has been conducted in urban form is considered to be highly idiosyncratic. However, as a result of some major developments during the last decade the science of form has seen some significant changes, especially within the areas of mathematics and physics. These developments have been brought about by the requirement to establish a connection between urban form and growth processes. In addition to this, another driving force has been the analysis of natural forms on the basis of the occurrence of the geometry of the irregular. Remarkable developments in the area of computer graphics have initiated the mathematical description and visualization of the urban forms. Making use of mathematical principles on fragmented structures, visualization has achieved a milestone (Mandeibrot, 1983). The developments have come about in terms of simulating natural forms (like landscapes) in a simple, yet realistic manner. This majorly involves addition of fractal ideas to produce simulations which are more conventional. This gets further deepened into theoretical ideas whi ch involves the generation of fractal structures through physical processes. The physics of critical

Factors of Professionalism and Computer Professional Bodies

Factors of Professionalism and Computer Professional Bodies Contents Tutorial One3 Tutorial Two7 Tutorial Three..10 Tutorial ÂÂ   Four..13 Tutorial ÂÂ   Five..15 References.18 Week 1 Professionalism Group Discussion (a) There are many different definitions of a professional. Discuss in general terms what you think are the most important factors to being a profession. Rank the factors you have in order of importance. Consider why you feel some factors are more important than others. There is discussion about who is a professional. Some said professional is a one who is good in particular job or engaging in a given activity as a source of livelihood or as a career. The group members agreed the definition as follows, a skilled occupation, within an organised framework, having an accepted body of knowledge, structured training, requiring maintenance of skills, guided by a code of conduct A professional is a person who acquires formal certification from professional body based on his academic background or/and work experience and also whose capability could be judged against established standards. All the group members generally agreed that the most important factors to being a profession include high degree of knowledge, association with a professional body, adherence to the code of conduct, structured training, ethical behavior, trusted competence, and commitment to continuous development of a profession. Competence is the ability to identify the problem and solve it by utilising available resources. So it is the most important factor Academic background, academic will help the professional to learn the specialised knowledge of profession. The learnt knowledge may prove a helpful tool for a competent professional. Good communication skills help in dealing with clients, colleagues and superiors. A professional with good communication skills will be able to significantly do well. Reliability/Dependability is a factor of importance and may sometimes supersede other factors. Integrity of a professional drives him/her to follow the work ethics and code of conduct in principle. Self-evaluation and discipline is a factor that motivates the persons to achieve more and to improve the skills. (b) Differentiate between a professional and an expert. Does a professional need to be an expert? As adjectives, the difference between expert and professional is that expert is extraordinarily capable or knowledgeable while professional is of, pertaining to, or in accordance with the (usually high) standards of a profession. As nouns the difference between expert and professional is that expert is a person with extensive knowledge or ability in a given subject while professional is a person who belongs to a profession. A professional is not necessarily an expert. (c)ÂÂ   Is a computer person with a high level of knowledge and skill automatically considered to be a professional? No, cannot be considered as a professional unless he practices and gain experience and perform the activity as a source of livelihood or as a career. Individual Questions (a) The BCS definition of a professional and two other definitions. CompareÂÂ   the definitions, what do they have in common? The BCS considers a practitioner a professional, if one possesses (BCS Professional): Appropriate degrees. Skills and competency. Motivation for self-development (theoretically and practically). Respect for code of conduct. Two other definitions: Person formally certified by a professional body of belonging to a specific profession by virtue of having completed a required course of studies and/or practice. And whose competence can usually be measured against an established set of standards. a professional (of a job) has a high level of education and training. In common it says professional need education and practise. (b) The role of the BCS. The role of the BCS. IT Members representation. To establish relationships with industry and academia. To establish relationships with governments. To work for the betterment of entire human society. (c) An overview of other professional bodies that exist for the IT industry. The Association of Computer Professionals (ACP) is an international body started in 1984. Its key aim is to set and maintain ICT industry standards by providing an independent examination body for ICT professionals. The membership of the ACP is a mix of academic and business professionals within the field of computing. IACSIT is a registered international scientific association of distinguished scholars engaged in Computer Science and Information Technology. The IACSIT members include research and development center heads, faculty deans, department heads, professors, research scientists, engineers, scholars, experienced software development directors, managers and engineers, university postgraduate and undergraduate engineering and technology students, etc. The National Computing Centre (NCC) is an independent membership organization for IT professionals and is the single largest and most diverse corporate membership body in the UK IT sector. Socitm (Society of Information Technology Management) is the membership association for all ICT professionals working in local authorities and the public and third sectors, and suppliers to those sectors. Socitm provides a widely-respected forum for the promotion, use and development of ICT best practice. Set up in 2001, the UKWDA (UK Web Design Association) brings together more than 10,000 British web industry professionals under one supportive umbrella organization. Women in Technologystarted in 2005 with one goal in mind: to help women build successful and satisfying careers in the IT industry. Institute of Analyst and Programmers, The Institution is Britains leading professional organization for people who work in the development, installation and testing of business systems and computer software. The UK IT Association (UKITA) was established as the private sector organization responsible for the development of a credible and thriving IT industry across the United Kingdom. Week 2 Professional Bodiesand the BCS Group Discussion What do you think should be the main roles and purpose of the BCS? To make a better society Share and exchange IT expertise and knowledge Supporting professionals Setting standards and framework To build strong relationship with academia, industry, policy makers and governments to promote IT. What do you consider to be the benefits of becoming a BCS member? Professional development More training opportunities Networking Mentoring Employability Professional recognition in the IT domain Best support from peers through IT forums How do you think your employment opportunities benefit from joining the BCS? BCS provides a platform to communicate with Entrepreneurs, Departmental heads, CEOs etc. This networking helps in getting more employment opportunities. From the video clip it can be seen that role models are important in all professions. From a historical perspective, why are the following people important: Charles Babbage, Ada Lovelace, Alan Turing, Timothy John Berners-Lee, Bill Gates, Gordon More (of Mores law), Philip Don Estridge, Steve Jobs, John Von Neumann? Charles Babbage: Pioneer of programmable computer. Ada Lovelace: The first computer programmer. Alan Turing: Widely considered as the father of artificial intelligence. Timothy John Berners-Lee: The pioneer and inventor of WWW. Bill Gates: Co-founder of Microsoft. Gordon More: The Mores law predicts the technology advancement in computing industry Philip Don Estridge: Father of IBM PC. Steve Jobs: Chairman and CEO of Apple Inc. John Von Neumann: The originator and pioneer of linear programming, self-replicating machines, stochastic computing. Discuss three other current role models within the computer (IT) industry, state why they are considered as role models. Today almost all web page use jQuery. jQuery is the most popular JavaScript library in use today, with installation on 65% of the top 10 million highest-trafficked sites on the Web.John Resig is an American software engineer and entrepreneur, best known as the creator and lead developer of the jQuery JavaScript library.ÂÂ   At the very young age created jQuery and with the noble thought he made as open source. To me he is great role model for his hard work and better example in adding value to the society. Dennis MacAlistair Ritchie (September 9, 1941 c. October 12, 2011) was an American computer scientist.He created the C programming language and, with long-time colleague Ken Thompson, the Unix operating system. He is a legend whose inventions are significant to the modern computing. He added value to the society by contributing to the society. Mark Elliot Zuckerberg: Co-founder of Facebook. To create revolution in the social media world. Individual Questions Find two other professional bodies (not BCS) and compare the aims and mission statements of each. Socitm (Society of Information Technology Management) is the membership association for all ICT professionals working in local authorities and the public and third sectors, and suppliers to those sectors. Socitm provides a widely-respected forum for the promotion, use and development of ICT best practice. The National Computing Centre (NCC) is an independent membership organization for IT professionals and is the single largest and most diverse corporate membership body in the UK IT sector. Comparison Most of the aim and mission of the above two are similar . SOCITM delivers Professional development, Peer support, Policy influence, Research improvement NCC delivers a continuum of services including; independent and impartial advice and support, best practice and standards, personal and professional development, managed service delivery, awareness raising and experience sharing. What do you think is common to all profession bodies? Are some more important than others can you priorities? All professional bodies focus on: Gain new skills, competences, experiences and receive credible recognition. Network, collaborate and share practice with peers, suppliers and national programmes. Representing members at appropriate national and regional bodies. Research to enable the organisation in contributing to more effective and efficient public services. In order to establish priority among the professional bodies it is important to consider its global acceptance and credibility. In my opinion ACM and IEEE based professional bodies may be considered as more important. Week 3 Code of Conduct and Digital Identity Group Discussion Do you feel that it is necessary for all professional bodies to have a code of conduct? Yes, I do feel that it is necessary for all professional bodies to have a code of conduct; because it will serve as a guide for individuals as well as organizations. Adherence to the code of conduct will ensure to collaborate, share best practice, access industry-recognized training, and find the very best work. Is there an argument for all professional bodies to have the same code of conduct? For easy understanding and easy accessible same code of conduct can be developed and implemented. So, it will be easily for working across the globe. However, it is possible to have various separate clauses to support certain interest groups depending on the nature of business. What penalties should be included within a code of conduct? Discuss a range of offences and possible penalties Code of conduct should clearly state minor as well as major penalties. For instance, minor penalty can be imposed on misuse of resources; and a warning letter would be sufficient. However, major penalty such as termination from services should be imposed in case of physical violence and bullying etc. Also, restriction to certain benefits and privileges based on poor work ethics may encourage a professional to improve his/her attitude toward the work. State the type/name of Social Media you use and provide details of the type of information you make available. I use social media to connect with friends, search jobs, latest trends and to keep updates with current affairs. Facebook To connect with friends, relatives, current etc. Even now it is used as a platform to sell things. As a computer student, I explore Facebook as I can to know the feature as it is considered as a powerful tool. From election campaign to product launch started using Facebook. I have given my basic details and made details visible only to close circle. Linkedin -HR people uses LinkedIn to recruit people so I have an account. I have provided my education details and skill set available to all to improve my employability. Twitter To follow the trends and get updates. Does the content you post remain private or is it public?ÂÂ   Do you make conscious decisions between private and public posts? Mostly I share useful blogs and posts which doesnt hurt others so I share publicly. However, service provider has access to my posts even if they are private. Personally, I feel that once you have uploaded something it is already in public domain. Can you recall any of the terms of the agreement to the social media site(s) you are using? Is there a case that the terms of agreement should be written in an easy to understand language? No, I couldnt recall any rules. It will be great if rules are made available in other languages too. Provide an argument for keeping social and professional media separately. This will help us in separating private and professional identities as well as lives of other people. Usually professional media such as linkedin.com is accessed by people with mature attitude towards the uploaded contents. Normally social media space is swarmed by internet trolls and people with non-serious attitude toward personal stuff of other people. I would recommend for keeping the social and professional media separate. Provide some guidelines on how to use Social Media wisely? Use account from secure access (HTTPS). Do not access from public systems. Make sure you log out / sign out after access. Set security and privacy up to an appropriate level. Do not post sensitive information. The lecture slides provided a summary only of the BCS code of conduct, read in detail using the link provided in the lecture, the full BCS code of conduct. Summarise the code of conduct of TWO other professional bodies do not use the codes of conduct covered in the lecture/tutorial. The code of conduct of ACM focuses on positive contribution towards human society.ÂÂ   Moreover, honesty and truthfulness are considered as key attributes of members. Finally, respecting the privacy of others is considered as a must trait for any member. Similarly, no discrimination should be made among members based on their ethnicity is the corner stone of IITPs code of conduct. Furthermore, the code also stresses upon integrity, honesty and dignity in its members. Finally, continuous professional development is also an important aspect of this code. Compare and contrast the BCS code of conduct to (a) above. Commonalities: professionalism, dignity, honest, truthfulness and positive contribution towards human society. Contrast: BCS does not tolerate any kind of fraud and bankruptcy as well it does not allow any kind of conflict of interest. Comment on the theme running through each of the Codes of Conduct Following are the main themes of the code of conduct: Discourage discrimination. Positive contribution. Professionalism. Promoting education and reliable practices. Provide an overview of THREE networking sites that may be used for either social and/or professional networking. (i) Facebook online social media and social networking service based in Menlo Park, California, United States. (ii) Google+: Google+ is an interest-based social network that is owned and operated by Google. (iii)Linkedin: A networking site for educational, business and professional purposes (Linkedin) What are the advantages/disadvantage and possible dangers of using a digital presence? Advantages: Networking and marketing, global reach, following the trend. Disadvantages: Privacy breach, data loss/ corruption and may expose to false message. Week 4 Ethics Group Discussion (a) Are the 10 commandments in computer ethics still relevant today? Do they need to be updated? Eg. Is cyber bulling or grooming covered within the rules? The Ten Commandments are mostly relevant today and should be implemented in true letter and spirit (Virginia Tech). However, some scholars think that they are simplistic and restrictive therefore, they can be updated to handle contemporary and future issues. (i)What are Sallys legal responsibilities? Sallys legal responsibilities are professionalism and honesty. (ii) Does Sally have any legal protection? She should have legal protection by law. In case of any grievances employees usually have access to complaint office or other services that support and guide the grieved employee for the best of his/her interest. (iii) Analyse the Case study in terms of the Golden Rule and Utility Principle. Golden rule demands truthfulness and honesty; therefore, Sally should tell the client the real situation. Since untruthfulness and dishonesty may harm large number of humans; therefore, utility principle also demands that Sally should show the exact picture to the client as well as her boss. Sally should have avoided this situation by informing her boss in advance of the current situation. (iv)ÂÂ   Would your analysis of the ethics of this case change if Sally had been present during her bosss conversation with the client, but had not been asked to agree with his assurances? Golden rule and utility principle demand that Sally should communicate right information to the client and specially the boss. (v) What if the client had asked Sally a question, the honest answer to which would contradict her boss? Honesty and truthfulness are key attributes of a professional. On a human perspective, it is also important that her boss should not feel contradicted in front of the client. But it can be tackled with effective communication like Sally telling a suggesting her views that she doesnt the conversation. (vi) Would your analysis of the ethics of this case change if the software was for stock management rather than the control of machinery, with no threat to human safety? Golden rule and utility principle are not sympathy or application specific. Individual Question Jane downloads a copy of an e-book from an illegal file sharing web site. Analyse the situation in terms of the Golden Rule and Utility Principle from both Janes and the authors point of view. This act of Jane is illegitimate contradicting both the Golden rule and Utility Principle. What conclusions can be drawn? Proper actions should be taken against these illegal websites. The education of Golden rule and utility principle should be more propagated. What sort of difficulties are there in applying the Golden rule and the Utility principle? Selfishness and lack of education are two main barriers in applying the Golden rule and Utility Principle. Week 5 Legal Issues Group Discussion As a professional, to what extent do you feel that you should you be aware of the legal issues surrounding IT? A professional should have theoretical as well some practical knowledge of: Software law, software patents, the Internet, data and security (professional legal ethics). Also to secure Intellectual Property (IP) for clients, an IT professional should be well informed on legal obligations and rights in digital world. Create a list of possible holders of data who may be storing your personal data. Do you have a problem with large organisations selling your data? In todays society, should we have such a thing as personal data (exception banking and medical)? Email service providers. Social and professional networking sites. Google cloud storage systems. Search engines. Bank. Mobile Application providers like play store, iTunes etc. Practically, personal data is taken by almost all the applications when we need to use their facilities. They are received by sign up or register form. Discuss the differences between Shareware, Freeware and open source software. Freeware: The software that is available free-of-cost. Shareware: Some utilities of the software are free-of-cost and others are not. Open source software: Source code is available for reusability and modification purposes. As a first thought, identify and discuss some of the legal issues/problems surrounding cloud computing. Reliable data availability should be provided at all time. Data should be well protected and secured. No data loss or corruption. Availability of data should be insured at all locations. Easy and instant access A professional software developer, working for a software house, has been contracted to developing a software package that involves accessing a companys data base. Who does the software belong to: the contractor, the software house or the company? Explain your answer. The software will belong to the contractor because the contractor has initiated the project and will be bearing all the subsequent costs. Also, the contractor would be legally eligible to sell the software to any third party. Who owns the intellectual property rights of the software: the contractor, the software house or the company? Explain your answer. The intellectual property rights may be owned by the software house solely or jointly with the contractor as laid out in the agreement. What if there is a problem with the software and the database is corrupted, who is responsible? Under the event of any software malfunction the software house will stand responsible. It is the responsibility of the software house to ensure the secure and smooth operation of their product and the contractor pays for this service. Discuss: the term hacking; is there ever a case for Hacking? Is hacking always illegal? Google Hack anonymous Hacking is involved in all forms and types of communications. Phone hackers used to make free phone calls and listen to other people talking on the phone. With the internet hacking has a very wide and large playing field. For IT industry hacking is serious issue and it has caused significant losses to many big corporate e.g. Sony, Microsoft and Intel etc. In simple words any activity that involves unauthorized access or falsely impersonating is termed as hacking. In recent times there are several hacking incidents for example US Korea standoff over the hacking reports of Sony Entertainment and governmental information leaks by Anonymous. The term hacking is normally misunderstood; it is not illegal all the time. For instance, police can do hacking to extract information from dubious computers for the safety and security of common people. Summarise the legal issues associated with developing and hosting a web site. Copyright concerns Domain name concerns Trademark concerns Defamation Linking and framing Summarise the details of the Data Protection Act. The Data Protection Act 1998 provides a framework as well as a benchmark that ensures security of individuals personal data. The misuse or illegal access to someones personal data falls under direct breach of civil liberties. Also it is the responsibility of the company to provide safe and secure data access. Data handling should be under the framework of peoples data protection rights. References http://www.directoryoftheprofessions.co.uk/sites-professions-IT-comp.html http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/professional.html https://www.socitm.net/ http://iacsit.org/ http://www.ncc.co.uk/national-computing-centre/ https://www.iabuk.net/about http://www.bitlaw.com/internet/webpage.html http://wikidiff.com/professional/expert http://www.bcs.org/ http://www.sqa.org.uk/e-learning/ITLaw02CD/page_18.htm

Women Nominized and Winners of the Nobel Prize :: essays research papers fc

CONTENT: 1.ALFRED BERNHARDT NOBEL 2.HISTORY OF THE NOBEL PRIZES 3.CRITERIA FOR AWARDING THE PRIZE 4.WOMEN NOBEL PRIZE WINNERS 5.WOMEN NOMINAZED AT THE NOBEL PRIZES 6.CONCLUSIONS-HALL OF FAME OF THE NOBEL PRIZES AND THEIR ROLE 7.BIBLIOGRAPHY MOTTO: With most sincere appreciation and respect, I thank Mrs.Chira Carmen for the valuable advises she gave me in the process of this project’s elaboration. I also express my gratitude for the attention and support she has given me throughout the time. CHAPTER I ALFRED BERNHARD NOBEL Swedish chemist, engineer, and industrialist who invented dynamite and other more powerful explosives and who also founded the Nobel Prize, Alfred Bernhard Nobel was the fourth son of Immanuel and Caroline Nobel. Immanuel was an inventor and engineer who had married Caroline Andrietta Ahlsell in 1827. The couple had eight children, of whom only Alfred and three brothers reached adulthood. Alfred was prone to illness as a child, but he enjoyed a close relationship with his mother and displayed a lively intellectual curiosity from an early age. He was interested in explosives, and he learned the fundamentals of engineering from his father. Immanuel, meanwhile, had failed at various business ventures until moving in 1837 to St. Petersburg in Russia, where he prospered as a manufacturer of explosive mines and machine tools. The Nobel family left Stockholm in 1842 to join the father in St. Petersburg. Alfred's newly prosperous parents were now able to send him to private tutors, and he proved to be an eager pupil. He was a competent chemist by age 16 and was fluent in English, French, German, and Russian, as well as Swedish. Alfred Nobel left Russia in 1850 to spend a year in Paris studying chemistry and then spent four years in the United States working under the direction of John Ericsson, the builder of the ironclad warship Monitor. Upon his return to St. Petersburg, Nobel worked in his father's factory, which made military equipment during the Crimean War. After the war ended in 1856, the company had difficulty switching to the peacetime production of steamboat machinery, and it went bankrupt in 1859.Alfred and his parents returned to Sweden, while his brothers Robert and Ludvig stayed behind in Russia to salvage what was left of the family business. Alfred soon began experimenting with explosives in a small laboratory on his father's estate. At the time, the only dependable explosive for use in mines was black powder, a form of gunpowder. A recently discovered liquid compound, nitroglycerin, was a much more powerful explosive, but it was so volatile that it could not be handled with any degree of safety.